Identifying Candlesticks

The design morphology of Gothic Netherlandish socketed candlesticks manifested a discernible evolution between the 14th and 15th centuries, principally concerning the configuration of the base and the complexity of the stem, while consistently adhering to a shared Gothic aesthetic predicated on functional form and material expression.

1. Materials and Alloys

Copper alloys constituted the fundamental material for these candlesticks. Bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, appears to have been more prevalent during the earlier phase of the period, particularly the 14th century. Brass, an alloy of copper and zinc, gained increasing ascendancy, especially in later 15th-century examples. The term “bell-metal,” likely denoting a high-tin bronze recognized for its resonant properties in bell casting, is occasionally applied to candlesticks of this era, suggesting variations in alloy composition. Certain sources also reference “white bronze,” potentially another high-tin alloy, distinguished by its light coloration and resistance to oxidation in continental specimens.  

The selection between bronze and brass likely derived from a synthesis of economic and aesthetic considerations. The availability and cost of constituent raw materials—tin imported from England versus calamine (zinc ore) procured more locally from the Principality of Liège —would have influenced production decisions. Furthermore, the distinct visual attributes of the alloys were significant; brass, possessing a bright, golden hue, was esteemed for conveying an impression of luxury , aligning congruently with the opulent tastes prevalent under the Burgundian Dukes. Over time, these objects acquire characteristic patinas resulting from handling and oxidation. While the majority of examples were left unadorned, evidence of fire-gilding exists on select pieces, possibly indicating a special commission or ecclesiastical provenance.  

1. Form Development: Base, Stem, and Socket

A discernible typological progression differentiates 14th-century forms from those prevalent in the 15th century.

14th Century Characteristics: Early exemplars frequently exhibit a tripod base, comprising three distinct legs supporting the stem. These legs could manifest as simple struts or, occasionally, be stylized, sometimes assuming leonine forms. The stem was typically simpler in profile, potentially tapering upwards , and in certain instances may have been cast integrally (unicast) with the base. The socket might feature distinctive bifurcated wings or flanges projecting outwards. Apertures for removing candle stubs, when present, were often rectangular and could be notably large or exaggerated in proportion. Some very early iterations might have incorporated a mid-drip pan positioned partway along the stem.  

15th Century Characteristics: The 15th century witnessed a pronounced transition towards heavier, more stable bases. The tripod configuration largely yielded to solid, elevated bases, frequently described as funnel-shaped or conical. These conical bases were often elaborated with stepped profiles or a distinct waist (‘hollow incurved conical base’). Circular, often dished, bases were also common , and some examples display polygonal, particularly hexagonal, profiles. These bases tend to possess a relatively high elevation.  

The stem acquired significantly greater complexity and articulation during the 15th century. A pivotal development was the introduction of knops – decorative swellings along the shaft. Candlesticks could feature a single knop , two , three , or occasionally more. These knops assumed various forms: flat, sharp-edged discoid knops are particularly characteristic , but bladed or turned baluster shapes also occur. Simple rings could also be integrated into the stem profile.  

The socket form in the 15th century typically presents as a tapering cylinder , a funnel shape, or occasionally hexagonal. Apertures for wax removal became a standard feature, commonly appearing as pairs of circular “windows” or, more frequently, rectangular or square openings pierced through the socket wall near its junction with the stem. The socket rim was often finished with a simple molding.  

This evolutionary trajectory suggests a progression towards enhanced physical stability, realized through the adoption of solid, raised bases, in contrast to the potentially lighter tripod forms. Concurrently, the increasing elaboration of the stem reflects both advancing technical proficiency in casting and finishing (particularly lathe work, evidenced by tool marks on undersides ) and an emergent aesthetic preference for more articulated, visually complex profiles consonant with the prevailing Gothic style. The solid base forms also provided a more substantial visual anchor compared to the open tripod structure.  

The following table summarizes the key typological distinctions:

1. Gothic Aesthetic and Decoration

The aesthetic potency of these candlesticks resides principally in their form and proportions. The interplay between the mass of the base, the articulation of the stem via knops and moldings, and the configuration of the socket defines their visual character. In contrast to contemporary works executed in precious metals, wood, or stone, surface embellishment is generally minimal on these base-metal objects. Elements prevalent in Gothic architecture and furniture, such as intricate tracery, crocketing, or extensive carving , are largely absent. Decoration tends to be structural – the morphology of the knops, the stepping of the base, the profile of the moldings – or functional, exemplified by the piercing of the socket apertures.  

While standard socketed types are typically aniconic, the broader corpus of contemporary Netherlandish and German metalwork encompasses candlesticks incorporating anthropomorphic or zoomorphic forms. These often feature figures supporting the socket(s) or constituting the stem itself, a tradition seemingly more pronounced in German and Mosan workshops.  

This relative austerity aligns with the functional purpose of the candlestick but also signifies a specific application of the Gothic aesthetic to utilitarian base metalwork. It contrasts markedly with the intricate detail observed in contemporary Burgundian manuscript illumination or the elaborate carving on oak furniture. For these brass and bronze objects, the meticulously considered form itself served as the primary mode of artistic expression, reflecting the intrinsic nature of the material and its intended application.  

There are multiple methodologies for identifying socketed Netherlandish candlesticks, determining their historical period, and occasionally pinpointing their origin within the Burgundian Netherlands. Although initially appearing complex, this task can be relatively straightforward with practice and thorough research.

Let us commence with the examination of the candlestick base and proceed to analyze the structure leading up to the socket. Over the years, Burgundian Netherlandish Socketed Candlesticks have developed into seven principal forms: Tripod-base (approximately 1350 to 1425), Funnel-base (approximately 1425 to 1500), Squat-base (approximately 1475 to 1525), Flat-base (approximately 1475 to 1525), Capstan (approximately 1525 to 1650), Mid-drip (Heemskerk) (approximately 1525 to 1725), and Wasted-base (approximately 1550 to 1650). The symbol “±” denotes an approximate span of 25 years. Furthermore, within these forms, numerous subsets exist, and each form possesses distinguishing characteristics that we will explore subsequently.

Upon examining the base, we proceed to scrutinize the stem, which encompasses the area holding the socket to the base, before finally investigating the socket itself. By employing these three fundamental observations, we can acquire the necessary information to identify the candlestick. Lastly, we direct our attention to the underside of the candlestick, enabling us to make an informed judgment regarding its authenticity and accuracy.

The provided links below serve as valuable resources to guide you through this process. Prepare yourself for an enthralling journey, as it will transport you to the earliest chapters of Europe’s history.